The numbers 2 to 5 belong to this category. The other two Sotho languages are Northern Sotho (Sepedi) and Southern Sotho. demonstrative pronouns in Southern Sotho (see Doke 1954, Mischke 1998 and Harford & Demuth 1999, Visser 2002 for Northern Sotho), cf. that/those (yonder) 1. mo-ó . In Sesotho, all the other numbers are relatives derived from verbs indicating gestures (e.g. wena. The second form has tone pattern [ ¯ ¯ ] and suffixes -no to the relative concord. But look at the noun-absolute phrase ending the second example. It corresponds to Bantu 4th. Pina ya lona. plural subjectival concord, and plural is marked by the prefix, the concord, and the suffix -ng to the verb (or the deficient verb -ke if it is used). table ( E nwa lebese. Place names. The negative of this is ha ho na. For Xitsonga: Du Plessis, Nxumalo, Visser (1995) For isiZulu: Du Plessis (1995) SECTION II: THE COPULATIVE VERB 1. In the Bantu languages, the adjectives form a closed class (with some languages having no proper adjectives at all). In Sesotho there are two ways of using ideophones; one involves the use of the verb ho re ("verbum dicendi") which in this case means "to express" instead of the usual "to say." In form, some parts of speech (adjectives, enumeratives, some relatives, some possessives, and all verbs) are radical stems which need affixes to form meaningful words; others (copulatives, most possessives, and some adverbs) are formed from full words by the employment of certain formatives; the rest (nouns, pronouns, some relatives, some adverbs, all ideophones, conjunctives, and interjectives) are complete words themselves which may or may not be modified with affixes to form new words. ; bow Taku wena … Note that: Sometimes a certain class of constructions are called "prepositions" in Sesotho, but this is merely a misunderstanding aggravated by the disjunctive. There are four functions of conjunctives: Interjectives are isolated words or groups of words of an exclamatory nature, used to express emotion, or for the purpose of calling attention, giving commands, or conveying assent or dissent. pronoun translation in English-Southern Sotho dictionary. working. prefix. Ma- a ona ona a 7. possessive. These are all words that demonstrate ownership. Importantly, the Sotho relative marker precedes the subject of the relative clause and agrees with the head noun. This kind of pronoun is used to Copulatives Accordingly, what is the function of … Ke bona dikoloi. The verb -re when used with ideophones may take a direct object (indicated by an objectival concord). It, and its variant forms, may appear before, after, or both before and after the complete sentence. this/these. leemedi pronoun (-ema stand ⇒ -emela stand for) + qho! It is upon this … (His/her hand.) naha (s.9) dinaha (pl.10) - land. (You are my friend.) As a rule, Bantu languages do not have any prepositions[2] or articles. (Older brother wants to drive my car.). The abbreviated absolute pronouns in Zulu are formatives which are apparently derived from absolute pronouns through the omission of the so-called stabilizing -na, for example -bo > bona, -lo > lona, etc. ba - become (v.) ba - objectival concord (02) ba - of (02) (possessive concord) ba - of (14) (possessive concord) ba - subject concord (02) ba - them (02) (obj. a demonstrative, like the absolute pronoun, is a struct-ure that is primitive in origin and has a concordial root. Note that any affixes attached to the pronoun do not change its form.[4]. en It uses simple, modern language, is as uniform as possible in its renderings, conveys accurately the action or state expressed in the Hebrew and Greek verbs, and distinguishes between the plural and singular in its use of the pronoun “you” and when using the imperative form of the verb where the context does not make it apparent. The majority of the examples that I present in this paper have been provided or checked by native speakers; … "here", "there" and "yonder". The negative may be formed in several ways: If the first person is included in the plural subjects, the hortative prefix ha- is used in the subjunctive mood. na - rain (v.) na le - have (own) naha (s.9) dinaha (pl.10) - country. In all there are about than 35 basic tenses in the direct inceptive, and 13 in the stative. ); Coupez, A., Bastin, Y., and Mumba, E. 1998. (Older sister helps mother.) (ii) An absolute pronoun that is used after the noun has the function of contrasting the noun, e.g. Pronouns. They are 2nd. If the book belongs to her, then it is hers. verbal relative. However, in the rarely used first form of the first demonstrative it appears with a low tone. Sesotho conjunctives may be studied from two aspects: form and function. These words have an irregular stress which falls on the final syllable. Relative clauses are also used with the relative concords. Qualificative pronouns are qualificatives used substantivally in a sentence. This possessive concord joins two When a verb has two objects, the second object cannot be indicated in Sesotho by a concord: Sesotho has three positional types of pronouns (1 less than many other Bantu languages; the missing one being the 3rd. Language: english. The vowels in the stems coalesce with the vowel in the possessive concord, changing the vowel quality: Prefixing [hɑ] ha- to these stems gives [hesʊ] -heso ('of my family/community'), [henʊ] -heno ('of your family/community'), and [hɑbɔ] -habo ('of his/her family/community'). In the Bantu languages interjectives may be divided into three types: Interjections have no grammatical or concordial bearing on the sentence; they are merely attached as appendages. Verbs with more than one syllable are used without any modification, Most monosyllabic verbs may either suffix, A commonly used negative, although technically not an interjective (as it contains a subjectival concord) is made by employing the (inflected), The more familiar terms "conjunction" and "interjection" are special (radical) types of "conjunctives" and "interjectives". To indicate possession the that/those. The fact that this action creates a separate part of speech can be more clearly seen in other languages such as, There is a curious widely held belief among some laypersons that Bantu languages have no (easy) way of saying "X. yêna. "There are basically twelve parts of speech in Sesotho. There is no antecedent for “mine” in this example. When used with nouns indicating time they may denote time rather than place. As in many other Bantu languages, there is a close relationship in Sesotho between adverbs and nouns, with many adverbs appearing as normal nouns and locatives of nouns being used as adverbs. Stems which seem to be radical in nature, and from which abstract nouns in. (She helps Sesotho education word list. Structurally they’re a group of nominal pronouns. This -ng may regularly result in vowel raising if the verb ends with the open vowel e. When subjunctive tenses are used "imperatively" they are not interjectives since they have subjectival concords (and have more typical verbal tonal patterns), but note that in this case there is a distinction between singular, dual, and plural number in the 1st. These are responsible for the unusually large number of adjectives in Sesotho, since most other Bantu languages have the colours as relatives instead. Ba- ba bona bona ba 3. not represent gender and that "o" can mean "he" or The third demonstrative signifies "that yonder" indicating distance from both parties. Moods. Katse e nwa lebese. that/those. subject concord. The house is … Morphemes are glossed as follows: abs ¼ absolute pronoun; apl ¼ applicative; dem ¼ demonstrative pronoun; foc ¼ focus; neg ¼ negative affix, oc ¼ object clitic; pc ¼ pronominal clitic; poss ¼ possessive; rel ¼ relative marker; rs ¼ relati-vising suffix; sg ¼ singular; sp ¼ subject prefix; tns ¼ Tense. quantitative pronouns. Concords are usually mandatory in certain places while pronouns are often not. class. indicate a quantity of a noun. - le lebe Language variety in Sesotho.Language and GrammarForms of greeting. Sesotho nouns signify concrete or abstract concepts in the language, but are distinct from the Sesotho pronouns.. Bantu languages are often said to have sentences which are "centred around the noun" due to the striking nature of the noun concordance system.In Sesotho, pronouns, verbs, copulatives, adjectives, relatives, enumeratives, and possessives all need to agree with the noun(s) associated with them. It corresponds to Bantu 2nd. Sesotho nouns signify concrete or abstract concepts in the language, but are distinct from the Sesotho pronouns.. Bantu languages are often said to have sentences which are "centred around the noun" due to the striking nature of the noun concordance system.In Sesotho, pronouns, verbs, copulatives, adjectives, relatives, enumeratives, and possessives all need to agree with the noun(s) associated with them. persons substantives, versus 3rd. Just like verbal conjugation, the conjugation possibilities of copulatives are varied and complex, with most tenses needing deficient verbs and/or infixed verbal auxiliaries. Example: Conjunctives which govern the indicative mood, Conjunctives which govern the subjunctive mood, and. In English, they are usually translated as “whoever” (in reference to persons) or “whatever” (when referring to things). indicate a noun. Sesotho has these only for the singulars of the first and second persons and class 1(a) (third person) nouns; the other nouns and persons used the full absolute pronouns to indicate possession. Full or shortened absolute pronouns may also be used in isiZulu. Sesotho nouns signify concrete or abstract concepts in the language, but are distinct from the Sesotho pronouns.. Bantu languages are often said to have sentences which are "centred around the noun" due to the striking nature of the noun concordance system.In Sesotho, pronouns, verbs, copulatives, adjectives, relatives, enumeratives, and possessives all need to agree with the … Translated into isiZulu, either a subject concord (SC) or object concord (OC) is used. For Sesotho: Maboya (1992:54), Mokete (1997:19), Mpeko (1992:71) and Du Plessis, Visser (1995). Thus linking this use of the prefix with the Bantu class 17 (Proto-Bantu *ku-). Certain other nouns which accept the suffix -ng may also take this prefix instead. Many of these adjectives are very ancient and exist in almost every Bantu language (sometimes as relatives). ugliness - bobe ugly (01) (adj.) [3] Cardinals are nouns but are given a separate section below. demonstrative. The locative merely indicates the place brought into relationship with the verb, thus the many prepositions used in English are completely unnecessary in the Sesotho language. Each rule further has its own unique negative. In this article it is shown … ba babe - bad (02) (adj.) person forms, and have the same force as other interjectives, but, being verbal, they may also take objects and assume extensions. Sound structure. The adverbs indicating "here," "there," and "yonder" are simply class 18 demonstrative pronouns, using class 18 concords (instead of the more usual class 15 concords used by the three locative classes). They generally indicate the place at, on, in, into, from etc. What follows is only a brief overview of some points. Possession is shown by Possessive Adjective also. Letsoho la hae. For example instead of writing "Dinotshi di a sebetsa." The phrase the crowd uneasy with her discomfort has no referent in the sentence. In Sesotho and isiXhosa the agreement morpheme with the same form as above in (4) may appear with a demonstrative pronoun or an absolute pronoun: (6) a. Sesotho: [Mpho o-si-il-w-e mabelong]. prefix. They refer to Absolute possessive pronouns show possession of a noun. Apart from certain locative formations with a temporal implication, many nouns and seemingly radical adverbs may be used as adverbs of time. The first form has tone pattern [ ¯ ¯ ] and is formed by suffixing -ane to the relative concord. Examples: In Sesotho, at least, these terms are only truly meaningful when forming simple copulatives (since adjectives assume the class prefix but relatives do not). en It uses simple, modern language, is as uniform as possible in its renderings, conveys accurately the action or state expressed in the Hebrew and Greek verbs, and distinguishes between the plural and singular in its use of the pronoun “you” and when using the imperative form of the verb where the context does not … Concords are usually mandatory in certain places while pronouns are often not. Note that the participial sub-mood is the basis for all relative clause constructions (used in rules 3 to 6). Please login to your account first; Need help? They may also appear alone without a noun, but unlike in languages such as English and Afrikaans, the pronoun does not substitute a noun. In this case the possessor, being a noun, is used to describe the possessee. These pronouns are Indeed, it is common for a speaker to intensify the meaning of a descriptive word or verb by improvising ideophones and placing them after the word, or by simply leaving the listener to surmise the meaning from the context or accompanying action. Here adjectival concord; Furthermore, there are class 16, 17, and 18 nouns, certain forms with the prefix ko- (an irregular unchanged Proto-Bantu class 17 prefix *ku-, possibly from the Serolong dialect of Setswana), and some other nouns, all used uninflected as locative adverbs. Absolute pronouns emphasize possessors and are used quite seldom. behind-perf-pass-perf in.races. The six major divisions are purely according to syntax, … ugliness - bobe ugly (01) (adj.) The first demonstrative signifies "this" indicating proximity to the speaker. The pronouns and … There is even a case of three syllabic nasals with contrasting tones pronounced with three separated air breaths (not as a very long nasal with an undulating tone) [ŋ̩ŋ̩ŋ̩] nnng [ _ ¯ _ ] ('of refusing outright'). The enumerative concord refers to As in many other languages, compounds indicating possession (genitive compounds) may be formed by following the possessee with the possessor ("X of Y" become "X-Y" — the English equivalent is "Y's X" or "Y-X"). a particular noun. (The girl reads that book.). In common speech -le is used throughout. hona - demonstrative pronoun (15) this hona - it (15) (absolute pronoun) hona - possessive pronoun (15) hona jwale - just now hona jwale - right now hono - demonstrative pronoun (15) that honyela - contract (v.) hoo - to the extent that hopola - remember (v.) hopolana - remember one another hopotse - remembered (v.) hopotswe - remembered (was ...) (v.) hora (s.9) dihora (pl.10) - hour hora ya … 2. The term "absolute possessive pronoun" is used to differentiate these pronouns with the possessive determiners "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their" (called possessive adjectives in traditional grammar).The term is needed because possessive determiners can also be classified as possessive pronouns. Sesotho word (South African orthography): wena Sesotho word (Lesotho orthography): oena English translation: you - second person absolute pronoun; singular Derivative(s)/Related word(s): o (you - subject concord used pronominally; singular ) Example of usage: Wena o motswalle wa ka. - ba babe ugly (03) (adj.) If the book belongs to me, then it is mine. possessive. It is this verb which carries all forms of inflexion on behalf of the ideophone. Relatives are qualificatives used with the relative concords. This/that worried the teacher) 4 b. IsiXhosa: [UNomsa … These merely stand in place of nouns and say nothing else about them. Verbs can be used in very short relative clauses, although these are not considered proper relative stems: In the Bantu languages, enumeratives are a category of qualificatives generally having some significance of enumeration. The absolute possessive pronoun … Moods. Coalescence occurs again: The possessive concord with nouns is used to directly indicate the possessor. So a noun-absolute phrase usually—but not always—refers to another noun or pronoun in the main sentence. Sentence construction. class. Sesotho word (South African orthography): o Sesotho word (Lesotho orthography): o o - subject concord In Sesotho nouns are divided into various noun classes. (You are my friend.) The above are the cardinal (counting) forms, derived from the adjectival forms (for 2 to 5); in particular, the forms in the Sotho–Tswana languages are nasally permuted. (They are Categories: Linguistics\\Foreign. Most pronouns require an antecedent ( noun) before they can be used. The first two rules do not use any verbs (the zero copula) using only changes in tone and/or the copulative formative [kʼɪ] ke-. Concords are NOT pronouns. Tenses. and 2nd. Basic phrases. The first form has tone pattern [ _ ¯ ] and is formed by suffixing the relative concord with the vowel in the class prefix (the exception being class 1(a) using eo, due to its irregular concords, and class 9 uses ee). The actual meaning of a locative is determined by the verb used or the context. The function of these derived forms thus far has largely been ignored by Zulu grammarians, presumably because it was considered to be the same as that of the absolute pronouns. Pronouns are complete words while concords are strictly affixes. Adverbs. Abstract Some of the possibly erratic behaviour of the absolute pronoun in Xhosa was examined: its possibility of floating like a quantifier; its pronominal use; head of an NP; its function as subject and complement; and lastly its traditional status as a separate category itself. > O thusa mme. Rather confusingly, there are two versions of the … An ideophone is a word, often onomatopoeic in nature, which describes the qualities of a predicative, qualificative, or adverb. A distributive pronoun considers members of a group separately, rather than collectively. Colour adjectives are a bit more numerous and indicate basic colours and animal colour patterns. demonstrative. (with Examples) The absolute possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs. In the Bantu languages, the relatives form an open class and are the primary qualificatives used. Abstract Meaning Representation: Academic Word List: Accentology: Affection (linguistics) Alphabet … setulo seo, this chair. This form is the one employed in indirect relative constructions. (The bees are working.) A suffix/clitic -towe and its plural equivalent -ting may be used to indicate an insult, The adverbial instrumental prefix ka- is used to form interjectives of oath. In this case the a interacts strongly with the vowel in the concord. In the former -ba appears; in most multi-verbal tenses of the latter the verb -le is used, though not all tenses may conjugate in this aspect. table (

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